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Teams of developers and open-source software maintainers typically manage their projects through Git, a distributed version control system that supports collaboration.

This cheat sheet style guide provides a quick reference to commands that are useful for working and collaborating in a Git repository. To install and configure Git, be sure to read “How To Contribute to Open Source: Getting Started with Git.”

How to Use This Guide:

• This guide is in cheat sheet format with self-contained command-line snippets.
• Jump to any section that is relevant to the task you are trying to complete.
• When you see highlighted text in this guide’s commands, keep in mind that this text should refer to the commits and files in your own repository.

Check your Git version with the following command, which will also confirm that Git is installed:

Git allows you to configure a number of settings that will apply to all the repositories on your local machine. For instance, configure a username that Git will use to credit you with any changes you make to a local repository:

git config --global user.name “firstname lastname” 

Configure an email address to be associated with each history marker:

git config --global user.email “valid-email” 

Configure your preferred text editor as well:

git config --global core.editor “nano”

You can initialize your current working directory as a Git repository with init:

To copy an existing Git repository hosted remotely, you’ll use git clone with the repo’s URL or server location (in the latter case you will use ssh):

git clone https://www.github.com/username/repo-name

Show your current Git directory’s remote repository:

For more verbose output, use the -v flag:

Add the Git upstream, which can be a URL or can be hosted on a server (in the latter case, connect with ssh):

git remote add upstream https://www.github.com/username/repo-name

When you’ve modified a file and have marked it to go in your next commit, it is considered to be a staged file.

Check the status of your Git repository, including files added that are not staged, and files that are staged:

To stage modified files, use the add command, which you can run multiple times before a commit. If you make subsequent changes that you want to include in the next commit, you must run add again.

You can specify the specific file with add:

With . you can add all files in the current directory, including files that begin with a .:

If you would like to add all files in a current directory as well as files in subdirectories, you can use the -all or -A flag:

You can remove a file from staging while retaining changes within your working directory with reset:

Once you have staged your updates, you are ready to commit them, which will record changes you have made to the repository.

To commit staged files, you’ll run the commit command with your meaningful commit message so that you can track commits:

git commit -m "Commit message"

You can condense staging all tracked files by committing them in one step:

git commit -am "Commit message"

If you need to modify your commit message, you can do so with the --amend flag:

git commit --amend -m "New commit message"

A branch in Git is a movable pointer to one of the commits in the repository, it allows you to isolate work and manage feature development and integrations. You can learn more about branches by reading the Git documentation.

List all current branches with the branch command. An asterisk (*) will appear next to your currently active branch:

Create a new branch. You will remain on your currently active branch until you switch to the new one:

Switch to any existing branch and check it out into your current working directory:

git checkout another-branch

You can consolidate the creation and checkout of a new branch by using the -b flag:

Rename your branch name:

git branch -m current-branch-name new-branch-name

Merge the specified branch’s history into the one you’re currently working in:

Abort the merge, in case there are conflicts:

You can also select a particular commit to merge with cherry-pick with the string that references the specific commit:

When you have merged a branch and no longer need the branch, you can delete it:

If you have not merged a branch to main, but are sure you want to delete it, you can force delete a branch:

To download changes from another repository, such as the remote upstream, you’ll use fetch:

Merge the fetched commits. Note that some repositories may use master instead of main:

Push or transmit your local branch commits to the remote repository branch:

Fetch and merge any commits from the tracking remote branch:

Display the commit history for the currently active branch:

Show the commits that changed a particular file. This follows the file regardless of file renaming:

git log --follow my_script.py

Show the commits that are on one branch and not on the other. This will show commits on a-branch that are not on b-branch:

Look at reference logs (reflog) to see when the tips of branches and other references were last updated within the repository:

Show any object in Git via its commit string or hash in a more human-readable format:

The git diff command shows changes between commits, branches, and more. You can read more fully about it through the Git documentation.

Compare modified files that are on the staging area:

Display the diff of what is in a-branch but is not in b-branch:

git diff a-branch..b-branch

Show the diff between two specific commits:

Track path changes by deleting a file from your project and stage this removal for commit:

Or change an existing file path and then stage the move:

git mv existing-path new-path

Check the commit log to see if any paths have been moved:

Sometimes you’ll find that you made changes to some code, but before you finish you have to begin working on something else. You’re not quite ready to commit the changes you have made so far, but you don’t want to lose your work. The git stash command will allow you to save your local modifications and revert back to the working directory that is in line with the most recent HEAD commit.

Stash your current work:

See what you currently have stashed:

Your stashes will be named stash@{0}, stash@{1}, and so on.

Show information about a particular stash:

To bring the files in a current stash out of the stash while still retaining the stash, use apply:

If you want to bring files out of a stash, and no longer need the stash, use pop:

If you no longer need the files saved in a particular stash, you can drop the stash:

If you have multiple stashes saved and no longer need to use any of them, you can use clear to remove them:

If you want to keep files in your local Git directory, but do not want to commit them to the project, you can add these files to your .gitignore file so that they do not cause conflicts.

Use a text editor such as nano to add files to the .gitignore file:

To see examples of .gitignore files, you can look at GitHub’s .gitignore template repo.

A rebase allows us to move branches around by changing the commit that they are based on. With rebasing, you can squash or reword commits.

You can start a rebase by either calling the number of commits you have made that you want to rebase (5 in the case below):

Alternatively, you can rebase based on a particular commit string or hash:

Once you have squashed or reworded commits, you can complete the rebase of your branch on top of the latest version of the project’s upstream code. Note that some repositories may use master instead of main:

To learn more about rebasing and updating, you can read How To Rebase and Update a Pull Request, which is also applicable to any type of commit.

You can revert back the changes that you made on a given commit by using revert. Your working tree will need to be clean in order for this to be achieved:

Sometimes, including after a rebase, you need to reset your working tree. You can reset to a particular commit, and delete all changes, with the following command:

To force push your last known non-conflicting commit to the origin repository, you’ll need to use --force:

git push --force origin main

To remove local untracked files and subdirectories from the Git directory for a clean working branch, you can use git clean:

If you need to modify your local repository so that it looks like the current upstream main branch (that is, there are too many conflicts), you can perform a hard reset:

git reset --hard upstream/main

This guide covers some of the more common Git commands you may use when managing repositories and collaborating on software.

You can learn more about open-source software and collaboration in our Introduction to Open Source tutorial series:

There are many more commands and variations that you may find useful as part of your work with Git. To learn more about all of your available options, you can run the following to receive useful information:

You can also read more about Git and look at Git’s documentation from the official Git website.